Population Genetic Structure of California Hazelnut, An Important Food Source for People in Quiroste Valley in the Late Holocene

نویسنده

  • Paul V. A. Fine
چکیده

California hazelnuts (Corylus cornuta var. californica) are abundant in the archaeological record of site CA-SMA-113 in Quiroste Valley Cultural Preserve, and hazel management on the Central Coast was recorded in late 18th century Spanish accounts. However, this species is currently absent from Quiroste Valley proper and rare in the watershed, though it is locally common elsewhere in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Because high California hazelnut abundance is associated with frequent fire regimes, we believe that its current low abundance could be due to fire suppression enforced in the region for the past two hundred years. We sequenced nuclear microsatellites from ten populations of California hazelnuts to test the hypothesis that this species has experienced demographic changes in response to changing climate and land management practices. We found that all populations exhibited high levels of genetic variation and negative population growth consistent with large population sizes in the past with some decline over time. We also found subtle patterns of geographic structure suggesting that Quiroste Valley and neighboring Butano may have been important refugia habitats during past climate warming events. These results provide an important foundation demonstrating that California Archaeology, Volume 5, Number 2, December 2013, pp. 353–370. 353 Copyright © 2013 Society for California Archaeology. All rights reserved population genetic approaches can be applied to eco-archaeological research on indigenous landscape management and set the stage for future work using genetics to reveal further details of the demographic history of Quiroste Valley hazelnut populations. Resumen Las avellanas de California (Corylus cornuta var. californica) son abundantes en el registro arqueológico del sitio CA-SMA-113 en la Reserva Cultural del Valle Quiroste, y el manejo de los avellanos en la Costa Central fue mencionado en los registros españoles de fines del siglo XVIII. Sin embargo, esta especie está actualmente ausente del Valle Quiroste propiamente dicho, y es rara en la cuenca, aunque es común en otras partes de las Montañas Santa Cruz. Dado que la gran abundancia de avellanas está asociada con los regímenes de incendios frecuentes, creemos que la escasez actual podría deberse a la supresión del fuego ejecutada en la región en los últimos doscientos años. Hemos secuenciado microsatélites nucleares de diez poblaciones de avellanas de California para probar la hipótesis de que esta especie ha experimentado cambios demográficos en respuesta al cambio climático y a las prácticas de manejo de la tierra. Hemos descubierto que todas las poblaciones exhibían altos niveles de variación genética y un crecimiento negativo de la población, consistente con grandes poblaciones en el pasado con un cierto declive en el tiempo. También hemos descubierto sutiles patrones de estructura geográfica que sugieren que el Valle Quiroste y el cercano Butano pueden haber sido importantes hábitat de refugio durante los pasados eventos de calentamiento climático. Estos resultados proporcionan una base importante que demuestra que los enfoques de genética de poblaciones pueden ser aplicados a la investigación eco-arqueológica sobre el manejo indígena del paisaje y sentar las bases para el trabajo futuro, usando la genética para revelar más detalles de la historia demográfica de las poblaciones de avellana del Valle Quiroste. From ethnographic accounts and historical documents, we know that California Indians actively managed the landscape to create stable food supplies, using fire as their primary means to modify vegetation at large scales (Anderson 2005). However, these records only go back to the eighteenth century, whereas Indians have inhabited California for at least 12,000 years (Erlandson et al. 2007). To what extent did these practices extend back across the many centuries of human settlement in California, and how large of an area was impacted by fire management during these times? The answers to these questions are relevant not only to reconstructing landscapes and cultures of the past, but also for 354 Paul V. A. Fine, Tracy M. Misiewicz, Andreas S. Chavez and Rob Q. Cuthrell

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تاریخ انتشار 2013